Sistema de Análise de Informação do Treinador de Futebol em Competição (SAITFC) -Validação e Aplicação de Instrumento de Observação num Estudo Piloto / istema de Análisis de Información del Entrenador de Fútbol en Competición (SAITFC) -Validación y Aplicación de un Instrumento de Observación en un Estudio Piloto / The Information Analysis System for Football Coaches in Competition (SAITFC) -Validationand Application of an Observation Instrument in a Pilot Study

La observación sistemática es un método que permite obtener numerosas informaciones sobre el comportamiento del entrenador, incluida la comunicación, que es parte integral del proceso de eficacia pedagógica. Tras revisar varios sistemas de observación y comprobar su potencial, pero principalmente sus debilidades, surge el Sistema de Análisis de Información del Entrenador de Fútbol en Competición (SAITFC) desde una perspectiva de evolución y aportación científica. Un sistema flexible que incluye dimensiones, categorías y subcategorías, que hacen referencia a la información en un intento de hacer inclusivos todos los comportamientos relacionados con la información emitida por el entrenador, ayudando a elaborar un perfil de comportamiento en competición. El cálculo de los porcentajes de concordancia, complementando con las estadísticas Kappa de Cohen, mostró altos niveles de fidelidad de las observaciones para ser utilizadas como herramienta científica. Con este estudio piloto, los resultados obtenidos en esta investigación sugieren que los entrenadores emiten cada vez más información, no solo a los atletas, en forma de instrucción y feedback, sino a todos los agentes deportivos involucrados en la competencia, es decir, el arbitraje, el oponente y el equipo técnico en forma de conversaciones. El feedback tiende a ser prescriptive, auditive, dirigido al atleta, táctico y afectivamente neutral. Es importante destacar la expresividad de los feedbacks relacionados con esquemas tácticos y velocidad de reacción. El SAITFC, como herramienta para ayudar a sistematizar el comportamiento del entrenador, demostró ser un método eficaz, contribuyendo así a la formación de los entrenadores, pero también a nivel científico, ayudándolos en el campo.(AU)

Systematic observation is a method that allows obtaining numerous information about the coach ́s behavior, including communication, whichis an integral part of the process of pedagogical effectiveness. After reviewing several observation systems and verifying their potential, mainly their weaknesses, the Information Analysis System for Football Coaches in Competition (SAITFC) emerges from a perspective of evolution andscientific contribution. A flexible system that includes dimensions, categories, and subcategories, which refer to the information in an attempt to make all behaviors related to the information issued by the coach inclusive, helping to elaborate a behavioral profile in the competition. The calculation of agreement percentages, complemented by Cohen ́s Kappa statistics, showed substantial levels of reliability for the observations to be used as a scientific tool. With this pilotstudy, the results obtainedin this investigation suggest that coaches issue more and more information, not only to athletes, in the form of instruction and feedback but to all sports agents involved in the competition, namely arbitration, opponent, and technical team in the form of conversations. Feedback tends to be prescriptive, auditory, addressed to the athlete, tactical, and effectively neutral. It is essential to emphasize the expressiveness of the feedback related to tactical schemes and reaction speed. The SAITFC, as a tool tohelp systematize the coach ́s behavior, proved to be an effective method, thus contributing tothe training of coaches, but also at a scientific level, helping them in the field.(AU)

A observação sistemática é um método que permite obter inúmeras informações sobre o comportamento do treinador, entre elas a comunicação, a qual é parte integrante do processo de eficácia pedagógica.Após revisão de vários sistemas de observação e constatação das suas potencialidades, mas principalmente das suas fragilidades, surge assim numa perspetiva de evolução e de contributo científico, o Sistema de Análise da Informação do Treinador de Futebol em Competição (SAITFC). Um sistema flexível que inclui dimensões, categorias e subcategorias, as quais remetem para a informação numa tentativa de tornar inclusivo todos os comportamentos relacionadoscom a informação emitida pelo treinador, ajudando a umaelaboração de um perfil comportamental emcompetição. O cálculo de percentagens de acordos, complementada pela estatística de Kappa de Cohen, mostrou níveis fortes de fidelidade para as observações serem utilizadas como ferramenta científica. Com este estudo piloto, os resultados obtidos nesta investigação sugerem que os treinadores emitam cada vez mais informação, não só para os atletas, em forma de instrução e feedback, mas para todos os agentes desportivos envolvidos na competição, nomeadamente equipas de arbitragem, adversária e técnica em forma de conversas. O feedback tende a ser prescritivo, auditivo, dirigido ao atleta, tático e de afetividade neutra. De realçar a expressividade dos feedbacks relacionados com esquemas táticos e de velocidade de reação. O SAITFC enquanto ferramenta de auxílio à sistematização do comportamento do treinador, mostrou ser um método eficaz, contribuindo assim para a formação de treinadores, mas também a nível científico, auxiliando-os no terreno.(AU)

Optimizing running a race on a curved track.

In order to determine the optimal strategy to run a race on a curved track according to the lane number, we introduce a model based on differential equations for the velocity, the propulsive force and the anaerobic energy which takes into account the centrifugal force. This allows us to analyze numerically the different strategies according to the types of track since different designs of tracks lead to straights of different lengths. In particular, we find that the tracks with shorter straights lead to better performances, while the double bend track with the longest straight leads to the worst performances and the biggest difference between lanes. Then for a race with two runners, we introduce a psychological interaction: there is an attraction to follow someone just ahead, but after being overtaken, there is a delay before any benefit from this interaction occurs. We provide numerical simulations in different cases. Overall, the results agree with the IAAF rules for lane draws in competition, where the highest ranked athletes get the center lanes, the next ones the outside lanes, while the lowest ranked athletes get the inside lanes.

Diferencias en las fuerzas de reacción del suelo entre zapatillas de carrera con dos tipos de drop / Differences in ground reaction forces between running shoes with two types of drop

Antecedentes: En las zapatillas de correr, el drop hace referencia a la diferencia entre el grosor de la suela del talón y el grosor de la suela del antepié y dedos. El drop se clasifica en tres tipos según la medición. Cada uno tiene características propias que afectan a la consecución del ciclo de la carrera. Se conoce poco el efecto del drop sobre la cinética, Por eso el objetivo del estudio fue comparar las fuerzas de reacción con dos tipos de drop. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio a 14 sujetos varones que corrían al menos 4 horas a la semana y que debían aportar dos pares de zapatillas de correr, un par de rodaje rápido y otro par de rodaje largo. Se midieron las fuerzas de reacción del suelo (velocidad de carrera, tiempo de apoyo y fuerzas de frenado, propulsión, despegue y oscilación), con plataforma de fuerzas SVE/IBV. Se recogieron los datos a cada sujeto y También se procedió a determinar el drop de cada par de zapatillas. Resultados: En el tiempo de apoyo en ambos pies, entre los drops máximo y mínimo tanto hubo una diferencia de en el pie derecho como en el pie izquierdo hubo diferencias signicativas (p = 0,001 y p = 0,010, indicando que el tiempo se reducía con el uso de un drop menor. Por esto hubo correlación positiva en los dos drops, entre el tiempo de apoyo y velocidad del paso . (r= - 0717, p = 0.004) Conclusiones: En conclusión pudimos decir que Las zapatillas con menor drop influyen en la cinética de la carrera, acortando el tiempo de apoyo de la zapatilla con el suelo. Sin embargo, ni las características antropométricas, ni llevar diferente drop en las zapatillas in_uyó en las fuerzas de reacción del suelo (AU)

Background: In running shoes, drop is referred to the difference between the thickness of sole of the heel and thickness of sole of the forefoot and toes. The drop is classified into three types according to the measurement. Every drop has its own characteristics that affect the realization of race cycle. Little is known the effect of drop on the kinetics, for this reason the objective of the study was to compare the forces of reaction with two types of drop. Material and methods: We conducted a study in 14 male subjects who ran on at least 4 hours a week and which should bring two pairs of running shoes, a pair of fast taxiing and another pair of long running. The ground reaction forces were measured (running speed, contact time, and braking, propulsion, take off and oscillation forces), with SVE/IBV force platform. We collected the data to each subject and also proceeded to determine the drop of each pair of shoes. Results: In the time of support in both feet, between the drops of maximum and minimum both in the right foot and left foot there were significant differences (p = 0.001 and p = 0.010), indicating that the time was reduced with the use of one smaller drop. For this reason there was positive correlation in two drops, between the time of support and the step speed. (r = -0.717, p = 0.004). Conclusions: We conclude that with lower drop shoes influence the kinetics of the race, shortening the time of the shoe with the ground support. However, neither features anthropometric, nor carry different drop in running shoes influenced the ground reaction forces (AU)

An examination of preactivity and postactivity stretching practices of crosscountry and track and field distance coaches.

This study sought to determine the effectiveness of coach certification courses in promoting proper preactivity and postactivity stretching practices in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I, II, and III crosscountry programs. Distribution of questionnaires to 770 NCAA Division I, Division II, and Division III programs in the U.S.A. resulted in 111 coaches (88 [78.2%] men and 25 [21.8%] women) participating. Chi-square analyses revealed that noncertified coaches reported significantly greater (χ² = 21.582, p = 0.0174) usage of static stretching alone as their preactivity modality (18.9%, n = 9) vs. their certified counterparts (1.8%, n = 1). In addition, certified coaches reported a higher usage of dynamic flexibility only during the preactivity period (47.4%, n = 27) vs. their noncertified peers (32.4%, n = 16). Coaches were also asked if they allowed for static stretching between interval work and events in track and field, and a significantly higher percentage (χ² = 11.948, p = 0.0177) of noncertified coaches (45.5%, n = 23) reported allowing the athletes to perform static stretches between intervals at practice than certified peers (37.9%, n = 22). These significant differences help demonstrate that coaching certification courses are an effective tool for communicating current information about stretching practices. However, the results also revealed that there are still many certified coaches who are not implementing best practices in preactivity routines.

[Training adaptation of the Achilles tendon in competitive athletes--sonographic standard values for the Achilles tendon]. / Trainingsadaptation der Achillessehne beim Hochleistungssportler--sonografische Grenzwerte für Achillessehnen.

BACKGROUND: Current theories and empirical results regarding the sonographic dimensions of the Achilles tendon as well as an alleged training adaptation of the tendon in competitive athletes are tested for the first time in a large in vivo sample. The pathological validity of a thickened tendon in competitive athletes is under scrutiny. MATERIAL AND METHOD: In addition to 202 national squad athletes from the German track and field federation, 199 age-matched normal individuals were examined sonographically. The portable ultrasound scanner Just Vision was used to compare 404 Achilles tendons of athletes with 398 Achilles tendons of normal individuals as to tendon diameter. Furthermore, pathologies were assessed. RESULTS: Achilles tendon diameter at the calcanear insertion was 4.2 ± 0.72 mm on average. Athletes' tendons were thicker than normal tendons (p < 0.001) - athletes, however, also reported more clinical symptoms (p < 0.001). In athletes, increasing diameters were associated with more clinical problems as opposed to normal individuals. At the tendon waist, diameters above 6.0 mm were very likely to go along with pathologies. CONCLUSIONS: For the first time, valid data of Achilles tendon diameters in competitive athletes and normal individuals have been presented. The emerging pattern of results clearly contradicts the notion of a physiological training adaptation of the Achilles tendon.